中国银行对外商投资企业贷款办法(附英文)(已废止)
中国银行
中国银行对外商投资企业贷款办法(附英文)
（一九八七年四月七日国务院批准）
办法
第一条 为支持外商投资企业的生产经营活动，扩大对外经济技术合作，有利于促进国民经济的发展，特制定本办法。
第二条 中国银行按照国家政策，本着安全、有利、服务的原则，对外商投资企业的建设工程及生产经营所需的资金提供贷款，优先支持经济效益好的产品出口企业和先进技术企业。
第三条 外商投资企业，即中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业和外资企业（以下简称企业），凡符合本办法第七条规定的贷款条件的，均可向中国银行申请贷款。
第四条 中国银行办理贷款，必须与借款企业签订借款合同，并加强贷款管理。
第五条 中国银行对企业办理下列贷款：
一、固定资产贷款。用于基本建设项目和技术改造项目的工程建设费，技术、设备购置费及安装费。贷款方式分为：
（一）中短期贷款；
（二）买方信贷；
（三）银团贷款；
（四）项目贷款；
二、流动资金贷款。用于企业在商品生产、商品流通及正常经营活动过程中所需的资金。贷款方式分为：
（一）生产储备及营运贷款；
（二）临时贷款；
（三）活存透支。
三、现汇抵押贷款。中国银行按中国人民银行《关于外商投资企业外汇抵押人民币贷款的暂行办法》的规定办理。
四、备用贷款。根据企业申请的特定用途，经中国银行审查同意安排待使用的贷款。
第六条 贷款货币分为本币和外币两类。本币即人民币；外币包括美元、英镑、日元、港币、联邦德国马克以及中国银行同意的其他可兑换货币。
第七条 外商投资企业申请贷款应当具备以下条件：
一、企业取得中国工商行政管理机关发给的营业执照，并在中国银行开立帐户。
二、企业注册资本按期如数缴纳，并经依法验资。
三、企业董事会作出借款的决议和出具授权书。
四、企业固定资产投资项目，已由计划部门批准。
五、企业有偿还贷款能力，并提供可靠的还款、付息保证。
第八条 贷款期限的计算，自借款合同生效之日起，至合同规定的还清全部本息和费用之日止。
第九条 固定资产贷款期限，不超过七年，个别特殊项目经中国银行同意，可适当延长，但不得超过企业营业执照限定的经营期结束前一年。
第十条 流动资金贷款期限，不超过十二个月。
第十一条 人民币贷款利率按中国人民银行规定的国营企业贷款利率执行。
外币贷款利率，按中国银行总行制定的综合利率执行；也可以由借贷双方根据国际市场利率协商确定。使用外国买方信贷和其他信贷的利率，以其协议利率为基础加一定利差确定利率。
第十二条 人民币贷款按中国人民银行规定的计息期和计息办法执行；外币贷款按借款合同规定的计息期和计息办法执行。
第十三条 企业向中国银行申请贷款，按以下程序办理：
一、企业提出借款申请书，并根据所需借款的具体情况提供相应的证明和资料；
二、中国银行对企业的借款申请书及提供的证明和资料进行审查评估，经审核同意后，借贷双方协商签订借款合同。
第十四条 企业应当按照借款合同规定的时间、金额和用途使用贷款。
第十五条 企业向中国银行申请贷款，中国银行认为需要担保的，必须提供经中国银行认可的担保。
第十六条 企业向中国银行提供以下担保：
一、信用担保。企业向中国银行提供由资信可靠、有偿付债务能力的金融机构、企业及其他单位出具的保证偿付贷款本息的不可撤销的保函。
二、抵押担保。由企业将其财产和权益抵押给银行，做为偿付中国银行贷款本息的保证。下列各项可以抵押：
（一）房产、机器设备；
（二）库存的适销商品；
（三）外币存款或者存单；
（四）可变现的有价证券及票据；
（五）股权及其他可转让的权益。
第十七条 抵押担保贷款，企业须与中国银行签署抵押文件。抵押文件须经中国公证机关公证。抵押物须向中国人民保险公司投足额保险。
中国银行认为必要时，企业应当提供信用加抵押担保。
第十八条 企业须按照借款合同的规定按期如数偿还贷款，支付利息和费用。
第十九条 企业在纳税之后的净现金收入，应当首先偿还固定资产贷款。
第二十条 对不遵守借款合同规定的企业，中国银行有权根据借款合同，视违约情节，采取以下措施以维护权益：
一、限期纠正违约事件；
二、停止发放贷款；
三、提前收回贷款；
四、通知担保人履行担保责任。
第二十一条 企业如未按期归还贷款本金和支付利息，信用担保贷款，由担保企业（单位）负责偿还所欠贷款本息和费用；抵押担保贷款，中国银行依据法律规定有权以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押品的价款，优先得到偿付贷款的本息及其他欠款。
企业逾期未还的贷款，中国银行从逾期之日起加收20％至50％的罚息。
第二十二条 中国银行有权对企业使用贷款的情况进行检查。在还清贷款之前，企业应当向中国银行定期报送有关工程建设进度和生产、销售、财务等各项计划以及执行情况的报表、资料。企业业主为另一法人的，中国银行认为必要时，业主的年度财务报表，应当报送中国银行。
中国银行进行信贷检查时，企业应当如实反映情况并提供工作便利。
第二十三条 企业在还清贷款前，经营中的资金往来，除中国银行同意者外，均须通过在中国银行开立的帐户办理，不得擅自将资金转移到其他银行或者金融机构。中国银行认为必要时，有权要求企业开立“保管帐户”。
第二十四条 企业董事会或者业主有关财务方面的重大决议或者决定以及董事会的人事变动等，应当及时通知中国银行；企业的合营合同和合作合同及企业章程的重大修改和补充，如影响到中国银行债权时，应当事先征求中国银行意见。
第二十五条 除中国银行同意者外，企业与中国银行签订的借款合同及附件等法律文件的有效文字为中文，适用法律为中华人民共和国法律。
第二十六条 本办法的实施细则，由中国银行总行制定。经济特区内的中国银行，可根据其业务的具体情况，拟定细则，报中国银行总行批准后执行。
第二十七条 本办法自发布之日起施行。一九八一年三月十三日国务院批准、中国银行发布的《中国银行办理中外合资经营企业贷款暂行办法》同时废止。
本办法施行以前中国银行与企业签订的借款合同，仍按原订条款执行。(附英文)
MEASURES OF THE BANK OF CHINA CONCERNING THE GRANTING OF LOANS TOENTERPRISES WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES OF THE BANK OF CHINA CONCERNING THE GRANTING OF LOANS TO
ENTERPRISES WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT
(Approved by the State Council on April 7, 1987 and promulgated by
the Bank of China on April 24, 1987)
Article 1
These Measures are formulated for the purpose of supporting the production
and business activities of enterprises with foreign investment, expanding
the economic and technological co-operation with foreign countries, and
facilitating and promoting the development of national economy.
Article 2
The Bank of China shall, in accordance with the State policies and on the
basis of the principles of ensuring safety and benefit and providing
services, grant loans to enterprises with foreign investment that need
funds for their construction projects and production and business
operations, with the priority to those product-for-export enterprises and
advanced technology enterprises which enjoy good economic returns.
Article 3
Enterprises with foreign investment, i.e. Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures and Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures, and foreign-
capital enterprises (hereinafter referred to as "enterprises") that
qualify for obtaining loans as prescribed in Article 7 of these Measures
may apply to the Bank of China for loans.
Article 4
The Bank of China must, when providing loans, sign a loan agreement with
the borrower and strengthen the management of its loans.
Article 5
The Bank of China shall grant the following loans to the enterprises:
1. Fixed assets loans to be used for covering the expenses for the
construction, the purchase of technology and equipment, and the
installation of the equipment incurred by capital construction projects
and technical innovation projects. The loans shall be divided into the
following forms:
(1) medium and short-term loans;
(2) buyer's credit;
(3) syndicate loans;
(4) project loans.
2. Working capital loans to be used as funds needed in the enterprises'
production and circulation of commodities and in their normal business
operations. The loan shall be divided into the following forms:
(1) production reserves and operating loans;
(2) incidental loans;
(3) current deposit overdraft.
3. Loans on spot exchange mortgage to be granted by the Bank of China in
accordance with the provisions of the Interim Measures Concerning the
Renminbi with Foreign Investment promulgated by the People's Bank of
China.
4. Stand-by loans to be granted by the Bank of China upon examination and
approval of the application submitted by an enterprise, and be put by and
used for future special purposes as specified in the application.
Article 6
The currencies in respect of loans shall be divided into domestic currency
and foreign currencies. The domestic currency refers to Renminbi and
foreign currencies shall include U.S. Dollars, British Sterling Pounds,
Japanese Yens, Hong Kong Dollars, Federal German Marks, and other
convertible currencies accepted by the Bank of China.
Article 7
Any enterprise with foreign investment that applies for loans shall
satisfy the following precondition:
1. The applying enterprise has obtained a business licence issued by a
Chinese administrative department for industry and commerce and has opened
an account with the Bank of China.
2. The registered capital of the applying enterprise has been fully paid
in within the prescribed period of time and has been increased in
accordance with the law.
3. The board of directors of the applying enterprise has made the decision
on the borrowing and has issued the letter of authorization.
4. The programme of investment in fixed assets of the applying enterprise
has been approved by a planning department.
5. The applying enterprise has the ability to repay the loan and has
provided the reliable guarantee for repaying the principal and interest.
Article 8
The term of a loan shall commence from the day on which the loan contract
goes into effect and terminate on the day on which the principal, the
interest, and all other relevant fees have been paid in full as stipulated
by the contract.
Article 9
The term for a fixed assets loan shall not exceed 7 years. The term of a
loan for a particular project of a special type may, subject to the
approval of the Bank of China, be properly extended, but such extension
shall not exceed the time which is one year prior to the termination of
business of the enterprise as prescribed by the business licence of the
enterprise.
Article 10
The term of a working capital loan shall not exceed 12 months.
Article 11
The interest rates of loans in Renminbi shall be calculated in accordance
with the interest rates of loans granted to State-owned enterprises as
determined by the People's Bank of China.
The interest rates of loans in foreign currencies shall be calculated in
accordance with the integrated interest rates set by the Head Office of
the Bank of China; it may also be determined through consultation between
the lender and the borrower in the light of the interest rates in the
international market. The interest rates with respect to foreign buyer's
credit and other credits shall be determined on the basis of the agreed
rates plus a certain margin.
Article 12
The period and method for calculating interest with respect to loans in
Renminbi shall be those prescribed by the People's Bank of China; the
period and method for calculating interest with respect to loans in
foreign currencies shall be those prescribed in loan contracts.
Article 13
Any enterprise that applies to the Bank of China for a loan shall go
through the following procedures:
1. The enterprise shall submit an application, together with the
corresponding certifications and materials in the light of the specific
details of the requirement for the loan;
2. The Bank of China shall examine and assess the application and the
certifications and materials submitted, and upon verification and
approval, the lender and the borrower shall sign a loan contract through
negotiation.
Article 14
The enterprise shall use the loan in accordance with the schedule, amount
and scope for use as stipulated in the loan contract.
Article 15
In case where the Bank of China deems it necessary for the enterprise
applying for loans to provide a guarantee, the enterprise must provide one
that is acceptable to the Bank.
Article 16
The enterprise may submit to the Bank of China the following guarantees:
1. Credit guarantee. The enterprise may submit to the Bank of China an
irrevocable letter of guarantee for the repayment of the principal and
interest of the loan issued by a financial institution, or an enterprise,
or any other unit that enjoys creditworthiness and has the capability to
repay the debt.
2. Mortgage guarantee. The enterprise may mortgage its property and rights
and interests to the Bank of China as guarantee for the repayment of the
principal and interest of the loan granted by the Bank of China. The
following items may be mortgaged:
(1) building property, machinery and equipment;
(2) marketable goods in stock;
(3) deposits or deposit certificates in foreign currencies;
(4) negotiable securities and instruments;
(5) stock equities or other transferable rights and interests.
Article 17
An enterprise that is to obtain a loan secured by mortgage shall sign a
mortgage document with the Bank of China, which shall be notarized by a
Chinese notary office. The collateral security shall be insured with the
People's Insurance Company of China in its full value. The enterprise
shall provide both credit guarantee and mortgage guarantee when the Bank
of China deems it necessary.
Article 18
The enterprise shall, in accordance with the loan contract, repay the loan
and pay the interest and other relevant fees in full and on schedule.
Article 19
The after-tax net cash income of the enterprise shall first be used to
repay the fixed assets loan.
Article 20
With respect to an enterprise that fails to comply with the provisions of
the loan contract, the Bank of China shall have the right to adopt the
following measures to safeguard its rights and interests in accordance
with the loan contract and in the light of the seriousness of the breach:
1. setting a deadline for the rectification of the breach;
2. suspending the loan;
3. recalling the loan ahead of schedule;
4. notifying the guarantor to perform its guarantee responsibility.
Article 21
If the enterprise fails to repay the principal of the loan and pay the
interest, in the case of a loan in credit guarantee, the guarantor
enterprise (or unit) shall be liable for repaying the defaulted principal
of the loan and paying the defaulted interest and relevant fees thereon
and, in the case of a loan on mortgage guarantee, the Bank of China shall,
in accordance with the provisions of the law, have the right and priority
to have the principal of the loan repaid and have the defaulted interest
and other fees thereon paid with the collateral security duly commuted or
with the money derived from selling the collateral security.
With respect to a loan which the enterprise fails to repay on schedule,
the Bank of China shall impose as a penalty an additional interest at a
rate ranging from 20 percent to 50 percent above its original rate
starting from the day repayment is overdue.
Article 22
The Bank of China shall have the right to examine the situation as to how
the enterprise is using the loan. The enterprise shall periodically report
to the Bank of China the progress of the construction of the project
concerned, the plans for its production, sales and finance, and submit the
statements and materials of implementation thereof until the loan is fully
repaid. If the owner of the enterprise is represented by another legal
person, the owner shall, when the Bank of China deems it necessary, submit
to the Bank of China its annual financial statement.
When the Bank of China is conducting inspection of credit, the enterprise
shall report the actual situation and provide convenience for the work.
Article 23
Before the loan is fully repaid, the enterprise shall, unless otherwise
approved by the Bank of China, handle all the financial matters in its
business operations through the account it has opened with the Bank of
China and may not transfer its funds to other banks or financial
institutions without authorization. When the Bank of China deems it
necessary, it shall have the right to require the enterprise to open a
custody account.
Article 24
The enterprise shall notify in due time the Bank of China of any major
resolutions or decisions made by its board of directors or by its owner on
financial affairs as well as of any change of personnel in the board. The
enterprise shall solicit the opinions of the Bank of China in advance with
respect to any major amendments and supplements to its joint venture
contract or cooperative contract and its articles of association, if such
amendments and supplements will affect the creditor's rights of the Bank
of China.
Article 25
Unless otherwise approved by the Bank of China, the valid language used in
the legal documents such as the loan contract signed by the enterprise and
the Bank of China and the annexes thereto shall be the Chinese language
and the applicable law shall be the law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 26
The rules for the implementation of these Measures shall be formulated by
the Head Office of the Bank of China. The Bank of China in a special
economic zone may, in the light of its actual business situation, draw up
detailed rules for the implementation thereof, which shall be submitted to
the Head Office of the Bank of China for approval before they are
enforced.
Article 27
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation. The
Interim Measures of the Bank of China for Granting Loans to Chinese-
Foreign Equity Joint Ventures approved by the State Council and
promulgated by the Bank of China on March 3, 1981 shall be simultaneously
annulled.
With respect to the loan contracts signed by the Bank of China and
enterprises before the entry into force of these Measures, such loan
contracts shall continue to be valid.
流氓软件：游走在法律的边缘
张雨林
本文刊发于《中国计算机用户》06年37期
网民们对流氓软件的不满最近达到了高潮——9月4日，北京海淀法院正式受理了由全国各地“流氓软件受害者”组成的网友联盟提起的诉讼案件，此次诉讼是我国第一次以民间团体形式起诉“流氓软件”。这次诉讼在业内产生了重大的影响并成为当前的热点话题。笔者想借此次诉讼中原告提出的法律依据谈一下流氓软件的法律问题。
流氓软件介于合法商业软件和电脑病毒之间的灰色区域，它既不属于正规商业软件，也不属于真正的病毒。正因为它的模糊地位，导致法律难以对它进行有效的定义，这就形成了流氓软件泛滥而法律无法监管的尴尬局面。流氓软件到底违反了哪些现行法律呢？从“流氓软件”第一案——“百度、搜狐、中搜诉8848插件案”看，流氓软件违反了《反不正当竞争法》、《著作权法》相关条款，但这仅仅适用于企业维权。针对广大的个人网络用户，目前比较有代表性的观点认为流氓软件违反了《民法通则》、《消费者权益保护法》。在此次诉讼中，网友（网络个人用户）联盟所依据的法律就是《民法通则》和《消法》中的第八条知情权、第九条选择权、第十条公平交易权、 “财产损害赔偿”。但笔者认为以这两部法律作为诉讼的主要依据多少有些勉强。
对于诉讼中涉及《民法通则》的法律依据，网友联盟的某位负责人在面对媒体采访时谈到：“我们最终确定了以民法中的隐私权和财产权为主要起诉请求的策略。电脑不仅关系到网民的隐私，也涉及虚拟财产的概念，流氓软件任何侵占电脑内存空间，等于对虚拟财产的侵犯”。首先，流氓软件种类繁多，单就其某一类来看，其不必然侵犯用户的隐私权，例如：广告软件、浏览器劫持。而涉及窃取隐私的间谍软件、行为记录软件、恶意共享软件，因技术问题将导致证据难以取得。并且，现阶段我国的民法体系没有把隐私权确认为一种独立的民事权利，对隐私权采取的是间接保护，名誉权是否被侵害成为隐私权是否被侵害的前提条件。虽然最高院《关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》规定：违反社会公共利益、社会公德侵害他人隐私或者其他人格利益，受害人以侵权为由向人民法院起诉请求赔偿精神损害的，人民法院应当依法予以受理。但这对于流氓软件来说，所谓的侵害行为和侵害过程并不适用。其次，虚拟财产因是一种新兴的事物，至今还没有一个严谨的、科学的定义和解释。业界比较认同的是虚拟财产的两种主要表现形式：一是特定网络游戏的玩家资料，即玩家在进行网络游戏过程中所使用的游戏人物和游戏装备。另一种是特定软件的用户资料，主要指网站给网络用户提供的通讯服务载体，例如即时通讯软件、电子邮箱。故“流氓软件任何侵占电脑内存空间，等于对虚拟财产的侵犯”一说并不准确。另对于在诉讼中，网友联盟提出的“财产损害”这一概念并不十分恰当。笔者以为：根据《民法通则》规定，公民的合法财产受法律保护，禁止任何组织或者个人破坏。流氓软件在大量耗费用户电脑的硬盘、内存、CPU 的同时，还会对电脑中的其它软件进行某种程度的修改，侵害的是用户对电脑硬件与软件拥有的财产所有权中的使用权。
再来看该诉讼中是否适用《消费者权益保护法》相关条款。这里需要明确指出的一点是：网络个人用户在上网时和网络信息服务提供商之间并不必然发生消费行为。我国《消法》中明确规定：只有为生活消费需要购买、使用商品或者接受服务才能成为消费者。构成消费者的要件第一是消费者的消费性质必须是生活消费；第二是消费者的消费客体是进入流通领域、与生活消费有关的商品和商业性服务；第三是消费者与经营者之间要存在以生活消费为目的的交易行为。而流氓软件大多是在网络个人用户浏览网页、注册ID、下载软件等过程中，在用户未经许可或不知情的情况下强制下载并安装，用户与流氓软件发布者之间不存在消费行为。这种情况下，也很难认定流氓软件的发布者构成经营者。所以主动或被动接受流氓软件的网络用户们与流氓软件发布者间很难形成既有法律事实上的消费关系。
从以上分析可以看出，目前要依据《民法通则》和《消法》相关条款来保护网络用户的权利是很困难的。事实上，流氓软件自出生之日起就一直处于法律的边缘地带。在现今法律未对流氓软件做出明确规定的阶段，依据什么法律进行维权成为这起诉讼中最为敏感的部分，法院的判决可能将直接面对这一领域内的法律空白。从这个角度来说，该案件的诉讼意义远远大于判决结果。
